creatine-power-output

この研究の注釈：

Elite Volleyball players.

Creatine at 20g a day for 4 days, maintenance at 10g a day.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of 20g creatine for five days followed by 5g a day for the remainder of the 12 week trial in women with osteoarthritis noted that supplementation was able to significantly reduce knee stiffness (52%), pain (45%), and physical function (41%) relative to baseline, all values being significantly more than placebo.

この研究の注釈：

Resistance trained men.

Standard loading period of 20g for 5 days, 5g daily afterwards for 4 weeks.

D-Pinitol did not influence creatine monohydrate’s effects.

この研究の注釈：

In elite, young, male swimmers. Swimming capacity rather than land cardiovascular capacity, but the increase in cardiovascular capacity was present and an increase in measured power output.

この研究の注釈：

Increases seen with creatine monohydrate. No increases in any parameters of CEE (Creatine Ethyl Ester) differed from placebo.

Typical loading period (20g daily) followed by maintenance (5g daily)

この研究の注釈：

All groups noted improvements after baseline (due to creatine), but acute ingestion of caffeine showed further improvements.

この研究の注釈：

Older athletes, aged 48-72. Creatine usage at 5g a day was unable to increase power output.

この研究の注釈：

Measured neuromuscular function and neural power output, and an increase was noted to the magnitude of 33.4% increase (peak torque) and 54.7% (time reduction to reach peak torque).

この研究の注釈：

No effect of creatine supplementation in HIV outpatients when compared with resistance training.

Used a standard loading protocol of 20g a day with 4.8g maintenance.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of the standard doses of creatine during a loading phase (0.3g/kg bodyweight) and maintenance phase (0.07g/kg) failed to improve cardiovascular or muscular performance any more than placebo in persons with COPD; lung function and quality of life were similarly unaffected.

この研究の注釈：

No measured parameters met significance, although beneficial trends were noted. Double blind, cross-over design in elite rugby players.

この研究の注釈：

In youth (8-18) given supplemental creatine at 12g for a week and then 6g daily for 11 weeks, creatine caused a time-dependent increase in muscle force production and improved well being, but it did not improve chest or lung function (main outcome measures of cystic fibrosis).

この研究の注釈：

Creatine dosed at 0.25g/kg lean mass for a loading period and 0.0625g/kg lean mass for maintenance. Study was 8 weeks in length.

All subjects using creatine experienced increases in muscle creatine content and power output, although vegetarian athletes had greater increases due to lower initial levels.

この研究の注釈：

This 2003 meta-analysis of 100 studies found a large body of evidence that creatine monohydrate increases both power output and lean mass, but little to no evidence that it benefits aerobic and submaximal-endurance activities. No significant differences were noted between genders or between trained and untrained individuals.

この研究の注釈：

Creatine ingestion (10.5g) confounded with carbohydrate at 68g. Two doses taken daily for s short period (9 days)

この研究の注釈：

Creatine monohydrate at 0.3g/kg bodyweight for a loading period and 0.03g/kg bodyweight for maintenance. Subjects were strength-trained women.

この研究の注釈：

No effect on measured parameters relevant to Tennis (velocity of serves, forehand, and backhand swings; nor intermittent sprinting) after a loading and maintenance phase.

Subjects were experienced young male tennis players.

この研究の注釈：

Experienced weight trained men noted power outputs with 2.5g creatine monohydrate daily and another group noted benefits with 2.5g creatine-magnesium chelate. Both creatine supplements were of equal efficacy, and statistically better than placebo.

この研究の注釈：

Four doses of 5g creatine monohydrate in water given to elite wrestlers was able to increase power output and performance on a Wingate test.

この研究の注釈：

After reviewing 22 interventions with creatine monohydrate, found average increases of 8% in strength (20% in experimental versus 12% in control) and 14% greater increases in power output (12% in control v. 26% in experimental) when paired with resistance exercise.

Also noted high inter-individual variance of supplementation on some measures, such as 3-45% increases on bench strength.

この研究の注釈：

Creatine loading in elite swimmers failed to improve, not only sprint times, but also power output and work volume assessed via leg extension.

この研究の注釈：

20 g/day during 2 weeks of leg immobilization was unable to prevent muscular atrophy, but 5 g/day during the subsequent 8 weeks of rehabilitation was able to significantly enhance the rate of recovery.

この研究の注釈：

In youth, 300 mg/kg/day for 1 week was able to improve performance on a repeated sprint test (35-m sprints, repeated six times with 10-s rests) relative to placebo, but this was not associated with any change in fatigue (assessed via fatigue index) or in biomarkers of oxidative stress, although inflammation was attenuated.

There were unclear effects on muscle damage, since creatine kinase increased while LDH (lactate dehydrogenase, a liver enzyme) decreased.

この研究の注釈：

In patients with probable/definite Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), creatine monohydrate enhanced Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction (MVIC) significantly at the elbow (53% of subjects) and knee (70% of subjects) after the 1-week loading phase (20 g/day). However, over the 6-month maintenance phase (3 g/day), the rates of decline for both the upper and lower limbs were not statistically different from the rates of decline before treatment, suggesting no longer-term effect.

The study saw many dropouts due to initial diarrhea from the loading phase, but no abnormalities were detected in the kidney or the liver.

この研究の注釈：

Done in resistance-trained men (guys used to lifting weights). Creatine as monohydrate at 20g a day

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of creatine at 20g for a period of 10 days was sufficient to increase muscular creatine concentrations as well as power output (squat and bench testing) in otherwise healthy adult men (no significant changes in body weight noted, although nonsignificant trends existed); 2g trimethylglycine failed to replicate these effects, and was not additive.

この研究の注釈：

Effects noted in both men and women, but men more responsive. At least in those given a new workout regimen, there was no significant difference in the gains in power and strength over 6 weeks when working out twice a week relative to thrice a week.

この研究の注釈：

Increases in Bench Press output relative to placebo, no difference on other measures.

Used PEG-Creatine rather than monohydrate.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of 5g creatine monohydrate daily for eight weeks in young boys with Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy was noted to increase power output as assessed via an MMT test, and improved parental reports of ‘improvement’ relative to placebo.

この研究の注釈：

4 weeks supplementation of creatine was able to increase VO2 max in recreationally active men, and a power output improvement was noted on Wingate test.

この研究の注釈：

10g creatine monohydrate paired with 10g dextrose (placebo using dextrose as well) noted improvements in power output over 4 weeks in otherwise healthy active men when paired with resistance training.

この研究の注釈：

Increase in strength shown, but increase in power not demonstrated in either creatine monohydrate or PEG creatine groups.

Was a comparative study between creatine monohydrate and PEG creatine, rather than against placebo.

この研究の注釈：

Anaerobic capacity measured by Wingate test.

Comparative study of creatine monohydrate loading against placebo with the hypothesis of seeing differences at 2 days loading against 5 days loading. Both days had improvements, although 5 days better.

この研究の注釈：

Comparative study of creatine against other nutraceuticals (Arginine AAKG, Medium Chain Triglycerides, Amino Acids).

Creatine showed increases in weight, with no significant increases in fat or muscle; likely water weight. An increase in strength but not power was noted.

この研究の注釈：

Power output was compared between a carbohydrate containing drink (100-250kcal) and creatine monohydrate, with both groups improving on repeated jump tests.

Creatine gained water weight, whereas carbohydrate did not.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of persons with creatine at 22g daily for a five day loading phase (with 20g lactose) and then a maintenance phase of 3.76g creatine (5g lactose) daily for a period of seven weeks failed to increase any parameter of physical performance or muscular strength relative to placebo, despite a weight gain seen with supplementation.

この研究の注釈：

Used creatine monohydrate and phosphate salts (5g monohydrate, 4g phosphate) whereas no benefit was noted as assessed by the Critical Power Test (despite an increase in body weight).

この研究の注釈：

Conducted in 58-71 year old women. Creatine at 0.03g/kg bodyweight showed benefits on parameters of muscular power, no adverse effects reported.

この研究の注釈：

Creatine aided in sprint performance when conducted in hot environments in men acclimatized to hot environments.

No differences between placebo and creatine in regards to thermoregulation beyond a higher water content in the creatine group.

Dosage was 20g creatine monohydrate daily, in four divided doses of 5g

この研究の注釈：

20g a day for 21 days (no loading or maintenance; just straight doses) conducted in swimmers, which may explain lack of results when compared to studies in resistance training.

この研究の注釈：

20g creatine monohydrate for 5 days followed by 5g maintenance. Placebo was lactose monohydrate. Subjects were those with Parkinson’s Disease. Measures of physical power in the gym (bench, leg press) and functional abilities (chair rises) both improved.

この研究の注釈：

Conducted in collegiate level football playing males.

Synergism noted between creatine and beta-alanine coingestion in regards to body composition, but power and hormonal differences attributed to creatine.

この研究の注釈：

Found increases in muscular power output in both groups, with a higher increase in the group supplementing 5g creatine monohydrate daily.

No declines in aerobic capacity noted in either group.

この研究の注釈：

Over the period of a 5 day study with creatine dosed at 0.03g/kg bodyweight, no improvements on skating ability or muscle torque were noted in Hockey Players.

この研究の注釈：

6 day experiment in untrained young males with creatine dosed at 5g daily resulted in an improved performance in a Wingate test.

この研究の注釈：

Study investigated the influence of dietary supplements on men aged 48-72, and found training improvements but none that could be contributed to supplementation (of either creatine monohydrate or protein).

Supplementation was at 7g creatine monohydrate alongside 480mL Gatorade.

Exclusive criteria of vegetarian was present.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of 5g of creatine with orange juice (7g carbohydrate) twice daily for a week appears to enhance swimming performance in the 400m sprint by selectively increasing the final 50m stretch, and there was also increased performance on a Wingate test (anaerobic capacity and power output) and the fatigue associated with the Wingate test.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of creatine monohydrate at 10g leading up to surgery (10 days) and then 5g daily for a month afterwards failed to modify the recovery rate from surgery or any other measured parameter, although a trend to increase handgrip strength occurred independent of increases in muscular creatine stores.

この研究の注釈：

In persons with COPD given supplementation of either placebo (glucose) or creatine (5.7g) with glucose (35.7g) thrice daily to match placebo over two weeks, then with 5.7g once daily for 11 weeks, supplementation was associated with improvements in muscular strength and well being as well as an increase in weight that was not fat mass; cardiovascular exercise performance, however, was unaffected.

この研究の注釈：

5 doses of 5g (totaling 25g) were taken by all athletes, groups were randomized into those that consumed no carbohydrates and those that consumed 100g carbohydrate 30 minutes after each dose (totaling 500g).

No ergogenic advantage of carbohydrate loading with creatine usage.

この研究の注釈：

Dosage was at 0.2g/kg bodyweight, consumed after training one side of the body. Experimental group consumed placebo during training of non-investigated side, whereas control group consumed placebo at all times. Trial lasted 6 weeks.

Statistically significant increases in hypertrophy on trained limb only for males supplementing creatine, with no significance in females.

この研究の注釈：

Found increases in power and hypertrophy when controlled for responders, based on muscular creatine uptake.

Dosed at 20g creatine monohydrate daily with 140g dextrose for 5 days, with 5g creatine monohydrate with 35g dextrose as maintenance for the remainder of the 4 weeks.

Association noted between degree of muscle uptake and amount of benefit gained from creatine supplementation.

この研究の注釈：

Dosed at 0.3g/kg bodyweight creatine monohydrate for 7 days followed by 0.05g/kg thereafter.

Investigated creatine monohydrate during overreaching/overtraining, was found to alleviate decreases in power output on some measures and increase strength on others.

Testosterone and Free testosterone were continuously higher in creatine monohydrate group, although the groupXtime effects were not statistically significant.

この研究の注釈：

In patients with assorted neuromuscular disorders associated with myotonia and weakness, this single-blind study found that 10 g/day for 5 days followed by 5 g/day for another 5 days led to greater improvements in handgrip and dorsiflexion strength (10.8-13%) relative to placebo (2.8%).

この研究の注釈：

5 g/day for 4 months in individuals with myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1) failed to improve muscular strength (handgrip) or lung function (FEV1) relative to placebo, nor was there any influence on functional tests or biochemical parameters.

この研究の注釈：

10 g/day for 3 months in individuals with myotonic dystrophy type II (DM2 or PROMM) failed to alter power output but significantly improved subjective well-being relative to placebo (mainly less exhaustion following physical exercise).

この研究の注釈：

5 g/day for 9 months (following 10 g/day for five days) failed to benefit well-being, functional capacity, lung function, or muscular capacity as assessed by Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction (MVIC). The treatment proved safe, however, and the risk of death was nonsignificantly reduced.

この研究の注釈：

In persons with mitochondrial cytopathies, 10 g/day (5 g twice a day) for 2 weeks followed by 2 g/day for one week increased maximal muscular function as assessed by handgrip strength (11-19%), although VO~2~ max, aerobic function, and fat oxidation during aerobic exercise were unaffected.

この研究の注釈：

In subjects with mitochondrial disorders associated with single gene deletions that affect the muscles around the eyes (CPEO or KSS), 150 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks failed to improve well-being, power output (handgrip strength test), or any other parameter of exercise, relative to placebo.

この研究の注釈：

300 mg/kg/day for 7 days increased body mass (0.75 kg) and power output during sprints in the heat, but did not appear to influence heat tolerance or any parameter of cardiovascular health. A greater (relative to placebo) exercise-induced increase in aldosterone was also noted.

この研究の注釈：

50 mg/kg/day (approximately 3.5 g, alongside 30 g of sucrose) for 6 weeks increased the circulating triglycerides and body fat percentage (+0.17%) of martial artists, but not their fat mass. Lactate and liver enzymes were lower, relative to placebo, but not to a significant extent.

この研究の注釈：

Standard loading then maintenance for 8 weeks was associated with a 17% reduction in myostatin (7% in the placebo group, due to weight training) and with increases in lean mass and power output.

この研究の注釈：

19 recreational male bodybuilders in their twenties training some 5 days/week for 4 weeks were divided into two groups. One group took 5 g of creatine pre-workout; the other, post-workout. Differences between the two groups with regard to bench press (one repetition maximum), lean mass and fat mass were nonsignificant. However, based on the magnitude inferences, the study concluded that consuming creatine post-workout was superior to pre-workout with regard to body composition and strength.

この研究の注釈：

150 mg/kg/day for 5 days followed by 60 mg/kg/day for 30 days improved skeletal muscle function in patients with McArdle disease, in this double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study.

この研究の注釈：

30 healthy but untrained male volunteers were given either placebo or a loading dose of creatine (5 g four times a day for 5 days) followed by a maintenance dose (5 g twice a day) for 28 days and underwent 5 hours of resistance training a week or remained on creatine without training. Creatine plus resistance training improved calf and forearm blood flow. Fat-free mass, strength, and resting metabolic rate also increased.