chromium-blood-glucose

この研究の注釈：

A meta-analysis on chromium in type II diabetics where supplementation lasted for over three months noted that, relative to placebo, there was a mild but significant reduction in blood glucose. HbA1c and all biomarkers of lipid metabolism, as well as weight, were all unaffected.

This meta-analysis was restricted to type II diabetics and the duration of at least three months, but at times included studies containing chromium enriched yeast and biotin supplementation alongside the chromium.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of 1mg chromium (in the form of chromium picolinate) in two divided doses daily for 24 weeks in type II diabetics noted that while there was a trend to increase insulin sensitivity, this was not statistically significant and only 46% of persons were considered responders.

No other changes were noted in diet, glucose metabolism, and the response to chromium was more associated with baseline insulin resistance rather than the kinetics of chromium after ingestion.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of 1,000µg chromium (as picolinate) alongside sulfonylurea therapy for 10 months in type II diabetic persons noted that, relative to a sulfonylurea/placebo pairing, that chromium resulted in an additional decrease in glucose and free fatty acids in serum without any other significant alterations.

There appeared to be an anti-obese effect of chromium, as the 0.9kg weight gain with sulfonylurea therapy was mitigated with chromium coingestion.

この研究の注釈：

In type II diabetics with an HbA1c over 8.5% given 1mg of chromium via yeast, supplementation was associated with a reduction in blood glucose (11%) and HbA1c (0.7%, from 10.2% to 9.5%) alongside an increase in insulin sensitivity.

Lipid peroxidation, as assessed by TBARS, was also reduced with chromium by 18.7%. An increase in glutathoine peroxidase was noted, but catalase and SOD were unaffected.

この研究の注釈：

In older adults with evidence of memory decline, 1,000mcg chromium (as picolinate) daily for 12 weeks failed to influence glucose metabolism and did not influence depressive symptoms. Despite no influence on memory over the 12 weeks, there appeared to be significantly less inclusion errors during testing and increased activity in some regions of the right half of the brain during memory testing.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of 400mcg chromium (as picolinate) twice daily in obese participants with impaired glucose tolerance failed to exert any appreciable benefit relative to placebo over the course of three months.

この研究の注釈：

The addition of 400 or 800μg chromium (as picolinate) to a test meal containing 75g carbohydrate from breads noted that there was no significant influence on postprandial metabolism when assessing the whole group, but the subjects could be divided into responders and nonresponders where said responders reduced the glucose AUC by 30-36% (lower dose being more effective).

Insulin was not affected in any person, and the nonresponders appeared to have a more meat and milk based diet than a plant based one. Nonresponders also had a significantly higher iron and transferrin content in the blood (transferrin saturation and ferritin content similar).

この研究の注釈：

400mcg chromium given to overweight children who were also given exercise and diet plans (relative to diet and exercise paired with placebo) over the course of six weeks failed to reduce bodyweight relative to placebo (at the P level of 0.05) but the reduction in fat mass and increase in lean mass was greater with chromium than with placebo.

Insulin sensitivity was improved to a statistically significant degree, but no other health variable was beneficially influenced.

この研究の注釈：

In obese type II diabetic subjects given trivalent chromium supplementation via Brewer’s Yeast (500mcg chromium) for eight weeks, supplementation was able to exert a minor hypoglycemic effect which failed to reach statistical significance (P=0.08) while trends on other biochemical parameters failed to reach statistical significance.

この研究の注釈：

4 months supplementation of 200mcg or 1,000mcg chromium (as picolinate) in type II diabetics was able to reduce fasting and postprandial blood glucose (higher dose only), fasting and postprandial insulin (both groups equally), HbA1c (higher dose only), and total cholesterol (higher dose only) with no influence on HDL nor body weight.

研究の資金源に関する問題点：

Supported by Nutrition 21, producer of chromium supplements

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of chromium to type II diabetics for 28 weeks noted a reduction in blood glucose relative to baseline and placebo, and the minor changes in HbA1c and insulin turned out to be significant due to an increase seen in placebo. Weight and blood pressure were not significantly different, nor were any parameter of lipid metabolism measured.

この研究の注釈：

Six months supplementation of chromium at 400mcg via enriched yeast to type II diabetics already on medications failed to confer any additional benefits, particularly the primary outcome (to see if a 0.5% reduction in HbA1c was reached).

この研究の注釈：

In obese type II diabetic (on medication) subjects given supplemental chromium via yeast (400 micrograms daily) for 12 weeks was associated with a decrease in blood glucose relative to placebo but all other measured biomarkers were unchanged, although a reduction in insulin and weight in both groups tended to decrease further with chromium.

Lipid peroxidation (MDA) was unaffected and the antioxidant enzymes were mostly unaffected, although a decrease in glutathoine and glutathione peroxidase seen at the end of the trial in placebo was mitigated with chromium.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of 1,000mcg chromium daily for three months in type II diabetics was able to shorten QTc intervals, suggesting a cardioprotective effect (as prolonged QTc intervals are indicative of cardiovascular mortality). Aside from insulin (which was also reduced), no other parameter was influenced.

この研究の注釈：

Low dose chromium supplementation (23.3mcg) via Brewer’s Yeast and 200mcg chromium as trichloride for eight weeks in type II diabetics both appeared to reduce both fasting and postprandial blood glucose (75g glucose tolerance test) and was able to reduce fructosamine as well.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of 400mcg chromium (as nicotinate) daily for 16 weeks in persons with HIV who were insulin resistant due to antiretroviral therapy appeared to improve insulin sensitivity and some other measured parameters such as triglycerides and weight when used as adjuvant.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of 600mcg chromium daily for a month failed to significantly modify glycogen depletion, concentrations, or resynthesis rates surrounding exercise in untrained or minorly trained men relative to placebo.

Lactate AUC was higher with chromium intake relative to placebo.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of brewers yeast (conferring 42 μg chromium) in newly diagnosed diabetics for three months was able to significantly reduce blood glucose (47.6%), HbA1c (from 9.5% to 6.8%), and systolic blood pressure (12%) while causing some benefit to all lipid parameters except vLDL and HDL relative to placebo.

この研究の注釈：

In otherwise active men given a carbohydrate drink with or without an additional 400mcg chromium (as picolinate) subject to a shuttle run test an hour after the drink, the addition of chromium failed to significantly alter any change that carbohydrate was able to induce relative to water control suggesting no additional benefit.

この研究の注釈：

In otherwise healthy free living adults, supplementation of chromium either as trichloride (200mcg chromium) or as yeast (5g yeast containing 10.8mcg chromium) failed to significantly influence any measured parameter in the blood despite an increase of chromium in the blood from trichloride including glucose tolerance to an oral glucose tolerance test.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of 1mg chromium as picolinate in obese adults over the course of 24 weeks failed to influence body weight either alone or in combination with nutritional education (teaching participants to eat better) and no other parameter in the blood or via CT scans was modified with supplementation.

この研究の注釈：

In otherwise healthy but overweight aged adults, the combination of chromium plus resistance training (relative to placebo and training) over 13 week dosed at 1,000mcg failed to augment the benefits of exercise (in reducing insulin AUC following an oral glucose tolerance test) and did not exert any hypoglycemic actions.

この研究の注釈：

In overweight women reporting intense carbohydrate cravings at least twice a week, supplementation of 1,000mcg chromium appeared to reduce hunger and cravings over the course of weight weeks which resulted in a greater reduction in overall food intake (25%) than did placebo (8%). This reduction in food intake led to weight loss, but was independent of any changes in glucose metabolism.

この研究の注釈：

Six months supplementation of chromium as picolinate (600µg or 1000µg) was able to nonsignificantly reduce symptoms of binge eating disorder (binge frequency) and weight relative to placebo, while HbA1c and blood glucose also failed to reach statistically significant reductions despite trends to do so.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of chromium picolinate at 500mcg or 1,000mcg for six months in persons at risk for type II diabetes has failed to influence any biomarkers of glucose metabolism and was said to not confer any protection against the development of type II diabetes.

この研究の注釈：

The addition of 200mcg chromium (as chloride) to milk powder, relative to a milk powder placebo, in type II diabetics already on medication (gliclazide) noted that there was a reduction in blood glucose, insulin, and improvement in insulin sensitivity over the course of 16 weeks in men only.

Acute insulin response following an oral glucose tolerance test (10 minutes after) was unaffected in both sexes.

この研究の注釈：

Chromium supplementation at 1,000mcg daily (as picolinate) increased the acute insulin response to glucose but failed to influence any other measured parameter of metabolic syndrome after 16 weeks supplementation in adults with signs of metabolic syndrome yet no diagnosed diabetes.

この研究の注釈：

In 11 middle aged obese women given 400mcg chromium (as picolinate) daily for eight weeks, there was no observable change in the anti-HMdU antibody suggesting no DNA damage from supplementation.

この研究の注釈：

This study used 600 µg chromium (as picolinate) in people with poorly-controlled type II diabetes for 4 months found a statistically significant mean reduction in fasting blood glucose of 15 mg/dL and 25.5 mg/dL in postprandial glucose compared to placebo control as well as a reduction in HbA1C of 0.9% versus placebo.